Bionic Artificial Pacemaker and Electronic Noses

Abstract Bionics is a field, which combines both electronics and biology. In simple terms, when we think about bionics, it is generally more about prosthetic arms or leg enhancement worn outside the body and, to some extend, even implanted sensor devices inside the body, which are essentially enhanced to carry out certain routine tasks. These are essentially life systems that are powered by motors/actuators and sensory arrays. These send neural signals from affected part of the body to the brain, by which individual are Able to perform certain tasks independently. TABLE OF CONTENT 1. INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..2 2. TECHNOLOGIES USED†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 3. ARTIFICIAL MUSCLES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 4. BIONIC HEART†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 5.†¦show more content†¦But the present day scenario is influenced by a variety of disciplines, viz, robotics, bioengineering, brain-computer interface and MEMS, with nanotechnology taking Centre stage because it applies detailed precision to engineer body organs and make them function along with human tissues. Brain gates are also used in bionic field. The last few decades have been wonderful years for technological advances, both for the medical and the electronics industry in the form of miniaturised electro nic components, sophisticated microchips and advanced computer systems—all functionally embedded in the human body. This particular human-to-machine interface, aptly termed as ‘Cyborg entities’ or ‘Bionic bodies’, has helped people with physical disabilities (the differently abled) by providing them with artificial Limbs, cochlear implants, artificial muscles and other organs to perform tasks, enabling them to lead a notably better lifestyle. 3.Artificial muscles [pic] What would the human body be without muscles? Just a dangling skeleton! Quite a scary thought! So in the case of damaged muscle, is there a possibility of generating new muscles altogether! Well, yes— one such scenario is the use of EAP or Electroactive Polymers. These are often referred to as artificial muscles and are increasingly being used by researchers to assist

Ethical Dilemmas and Concerns Regarding Medicare in...

Background- The scenario in question involves a 77 year old widowed woman, Mrs. Zwick. Mrs. Zwick had a mild stroke, and was admitted and hospitalized as a inpatient for five days to ensure her condition was mitigated. After the five days, Mrs. Zwick was transferred to a skilled nursing facility for rehabilitation. However, Mrs. Zwick was uncomfortable, and tests revealed that she had manifested a hospital-acquired urinary tract infection. This infection was serious enough to require IV antibiotics and extended care for an addition forty days in the nursing facility. Upon discharge, Mrs. Zwick was prescribed several medications and had to get a walker. Due to her age and circumstances, Mrs. Zwick is enrolled in Medicare A, B and D she is not able to handle her bills and paperwork, so her daughter helps out. Mrs. Zwick and her daughter both were unaware that the urinary tract infection was considered a hospital-acquired condition all the nursing staff told them was that it had to be m edicated. Part A The central point of this scenario is far more than just healthcare management. Instead, it has elements of medical ethics and the huge amount of bureaucracy often engendered by the American healthcare system. Medicare Part A is hospital insurance that helps cover care in hospitals and skilled nursing facilities. In general, it covers inpatient care and inpatient rehabilitation costs. Medicare Part B covers medically necessary services: doctors, medical equipment, homeShow MoreRelatedSecurity And Integrity Of Electronic Health Records1339 Words   |  6 PagesEthical Dilemma Paper: Security and Integrity of Electronic Health Records According to Ethical Dimensions in the Health Professions, â€Å"an electronic health record (EHR) is an electronic record of patient health information†¦information about the patient that is true and is relevant to his or her health care ought to be recorded there. At the same time, harm can be done if faulty, erroneous, speculative, or vague information is included because it can be duplicated and spread to several locationsRead MoreThe Cost Of An Electronic Medical Record ( Emr )1684 Words   |  7 Pagescostly expenses a healthcare organization will encounter regardless of the size of the organization. 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Copyright And Intellectual Considerations †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Copyright And Intellectual Considerations? Answer: Introducation The importance of copyright was always there but day by day it has become of paramount importance due to growth and development of new media where intellectual property could be generated and also published. Copyright is defined as the exclusive assignable legal right that is enjoyed by the creator or the original owner of a particular piece of intellectual property. The protection by copyright provides exclusive rights to the owner to enjoy all sorts of fame and financial reward resulting from this invention of creation and hence it will be illegal if anyone tries to plagiarize the creation or use it in their own name (Ricketson and Creswell, 2015). This aspects becomes very relevant in the contemporary world of social media and internet as everyday huge volume of data is generated and is used by consumers where unknowingly they infringe copyright rules by not giving the main creator the credit he or she deserves and that is why the case of Courtney an young and ambitious programmer have been taken to analyse and discuss copyright and intellectual property considerations (Bently and Sherman, 2014). In this case it is clear that Courtney is an aspiring and talented programmer who has worked very hard to design a user interface which provides excellent accessibility to the aboriginal community in Australia. With this Courtney has definitely fulfilled the ACS code of ethics and professional conduct. As per the ACS code of ethics Courtney has followed the values of: Primacy of public interest: Here Courtney has developed the user interface which would help the aboriginal communities to work effectively and connect to internet. She has been able to safeguard the interest of aboriginal community in Australia for which she should be appreciated. The enhancement of Quality of Life: With this Courtney is likely to help the aboriginals to lead a quality life (Weckert, 2017). Competence: She has completed the work with competence and has received accolades for her work at the organisation which clearly showed that the stakeholders have been facilitated with this. In Accordance with the ACS code of ethics the professional conduct showed by Courtney is: She analysed the segments impacted by her work and considered the interest of the aboriginals in Australia. She enhanced the quality of life through the development of the user interface recognising their need. Courtney has completed her job competently and diligently following the ethics of competence. Michael clearly did not give Courtney the deserved credit which is against the professional conduct of honesty. Courtney took classes along with office work to upgrade skills and knowledge which fuels professional development (McDermid, 2015). From the critical analysis of the case it could be said that Michael who is Courtneys senior in the office did not act ethically and took all the credits for the work and Courtney remained deprived which is clearly not an ethical act. Recommendations It could be recommended to Courtney that she could sue Michael legally stating the fact of infringement of copyright of intellectual property. As per the Copyright Act 1968 and in support with the Computer Software Protection Report 1994 any person breaching the copyright of intellectual property is liable to be sued by the Australian Legal System. The Similar view has been heard in the Copyright Amendment (Computer Programs) Act 1999 where the person will be able to get license and official ownership of the work, and if it is granted by the organisation the organisation will get it, but no individual apart from the creator will be able to take the credit (Ricketson and Creswell, 2015). References Bently, L. and Sherman, B., 2014.Intellectual property law. Oxford University Press, USA. McDermid, D., 2015.Ethics in ICT: an Australian perspective. Pearson Higher Education AU. Ricketson, S. and Creswell, C., 2015.The law of intellectual property: copyright, designs and confidential information. Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Limited. Weckert, J. ed., 2017.Computer ethics. Routledge.

Macbeth And Lady Macbeth Essays - Characters In Macbeth,

Macbeth And Lady Macbeth Thesis Page We realize that having the power to make conscience descions results in a responsibility for our descions. Their responsibility may manifest as guilt or happiness. 1 Macbeth and Lady Macbeth's Consciousness Humans have free will, and this free will give us the right to choose between good and evil. In the play Macbeth by Shakespeare, Macbeth and his wife plot the murder of King Duncan, so that they can become rulers over Scotland. We realize that having the power to make conscience descions results in a responsibility for our descions. These responsibilities may manifest as guilt or happiness. Macbeth is at first a man with a clear conscience until he is corrupted by his wife. Lady Macbeth is hungry for power so she presses Macbeth to kill Duncan as quickly as possible. The visions Macbeth sees before entering Duncan's chamber dwell entirely on the circumstances of horror and fear. Macbeth knows concisously that killing Duncan is wrong. Yet he also knows that to be king he has to kill Duncan. After the murders we realize that Macbeth has guilt, and pity for the murder that he just committed because he replies to Lady Macbeth To know my deed, 'twere best not know myself.(II.ii.72) Macbeths' tragedy can be paralleled to those tragedies of the present day. Just as Macbeth goes from fear, to guilt, and to finally his conscience destroying him. It also holds true for the murderer Susan Smith. Both murderers know conscientiously that the murders that they commit are wrong, they both feel guilt, and there both destroyed by the descions that they made. Macbeths' conscience has the power to destroy his conscience 2 when he commits the murder. As Joseph suggests When the murder of Duncan is committed from an immediate Consciousness of the Fact, his Ambition is ingulph'd at that Instant, by the Horror of the Deed...(42). Macbeth's disordered senses deceive him and his debilitated spirits fail him. He listens when nothing stirs and he mistakes the sounds he does hear. He is so confused, and can not distinguish when the knocking proceeds. Whence is that knocking? How is't with me when every noise appalls me? What hands are here? Ha! They pluck out mine eyes! Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood Clean from my hand...?(II.ii.56-60) After he commits the terrible deed, he shows Lady Macbeth his hands covered with blood. Lady Macbeth fears nothing at this point. She is eager that the deed Macbeth committed is fulfilled. She feels that the blood on Macbeth's hands can be cleared by the purity of water. . ..a little water clears us of this deed...(II.ii.64). Lady Macbeth comforts Macbeth. Her planning and plotting work accordingly as she assumed it would. She tells Macbeth that soon they will be the King and Queen of Scotland. Macbeths' evil conscience takes over him in such a great extent that he plans for the murder of Banquo, Fleance, and Macduffs' family. Even thought these murders are not committed 3 by the hands of Macbeth. They are committed at the hands of Macbeth. Macbeth hires two murderers to commit these acts of violence. After the murder of Banquo and Macduff's family Macbeth then returns to the three weird sisters. These three witches give him three new prophecies. 1.) ... Beware Macduff(IV.i.71)! 2.) ... the pow'r of man for none of woman born shall harm Macbeth(IV.i.81-82). 3.) ...Macbeth shall never vanquished until Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill shall comes against him(IV.i.92-94). Bradley asserts that While the influences of the witches' prophecies on Macbeth if very great, it is quite clearly shown to be an influence and nothing more.(172) What leads in the downfall of the hero is really his half conscience guilt, of the three withces. Macbeth listens to the prophecies, thinking nothing will happen to him or his wife. He feels that he will remain safely the King of Scotland, but he must murder to retain power and the Thanes do not remain loyal, nor can his own wife live with things as they are. Lady Macbeth becomes mad and crazy. She fantasizes in her sleep of having blood on her hands. This derived from her earlier certainty that she and her husband needed no more than a little water to clear them of this deed. As Joseph said She had found

College Education Geared Towards a Specific Career Essays

College Education Geared Towards a Specific Career Essays College Education Geared Towards a Specific Career Essay College Education Geared Towards a Specific Career Essay College Education Geared Towards a Specific Career Would you buy certain groceries just because the store says you need them in order to purchase your other items, when you know you will never eat them? Throughout life, phrases such as â€Å"do not spend money on things you do not need† and â€Å"money does not grow out of trees† are commonly heard, because the previous generation has hopes of teaching unknowledgeable not to spend money wastefully. It is interesting how even though someone can be taught something all their lives, when faced in the ultimate situation, they fail. College students spend thousands in loans, scholarships, and pocket money taking classes they do not need just to get enough credit hours to advance to the next grade level. College itself is an expensive investment, why spend extra money if it is not needed? Just like the example, it does not seem logical for the college community to spend money towards taking class that will not prepare them for the specific career they came to college to pursue. Being a college student is the opportunity for many to have their first experiences of the good, the bad, and the ugly in life. College life is a promotion of freedom, which is exerted by making one’s own decisions such as choosing their classes, times, and deciding whether they should attend or not. Just as in high school, there are courses that are deemed a necessity in order to graduate,the only difference is in high school one doesn’t pay for those classes. College board states that â€Å"Public four-year colleges charge, on average, $7,605 per year in tuition and fees for in-state students. The average surcharge for full-time out-of-state students at these institutions is $11,990. Whether it is one or six classes, the majority of students will never use the information acquired in those extraneous classes for their esteemed career. If the primary purpose of a college education was to prepare for a specific career, less money, time, and energy would be spent. Going to college and taking classes with the sole purpose of constructing a foundation for one’s career not only saves persona l money, but it boosts the economy. By eliminating the unnecessary classes, the overall cost of the college or university goes down. When the cost goes down, students save more money which turns into more money in personal savings accounts. The more money in personal savings accounts means the bank has more money to lend out to businesses. Businesses’ having more capital translates into more jobs. Having more jobs never hurt anyone, and nor will going to school with the primary intent to prepare for a career. America is known as a country of opportunity. People from all around the world strive to come to America and live the quintessential American dream. Although America may be the home of opportunity, it has its downfalls. America is set up in a manner in which an individual must have one of two situations to be considered successful, they must come from a wealthy family, or have a college education, and neither or those are a guarantee of success. The United States basks in glory because of their appearance to other countries when they should focus on following in the footsteps of one of its top competitors, China. China has an education system unto which all types of citizen have the possibility of succeeding. All Chinese citizens must attend school for a minimum of nine years. After the required schooling, students can decide whether to take an entrance exam to go on to what they call senior or mid-level schools, or if they are not the school type of person, they have the option of specializing in a particular area of work. While going on to the higher levels of schooling, the Chinese teach their students only what is required of their profession. When students specialize in the particular subject they wish without taking anything other than those classes, it can be analyzed by China’s past, and current success that they will always succeed. That is why China â€Å"[stands] as a leading civilization, outpacing the rest of the world. † All in all, the United States needs to embrace their country of boundless opportunities and use college as a stepping stone to achieve the future successes of the world, rather than a meaningless form of spending money just to say they did. Works Cites CIA The World Factbook. Welcome to the CIA Web Site - Central Intelligence Agency. Web. 27 Jan. 2011. . College Costs Average College Tuition Cost. College Admissions SAT University College Search Tool. Web. 27 Jan. 2011. .

Verb Mood and Voice in Spanish

Verb Mood and Voice in Spanish When we think about the properties that verbs might have, chances are that the first property that comes to mind is its tense: Does it refer to actions in the past, present or future? But verbs also have two other grammatical properties that are important to understanding how they are used: their mood and their voice. The mood of a verb (sometimes called the mode of a verb) is a property that relates to how the person using the verb feels about its factuality or likelihood; the distinction is made much more often in Spanish than it is in English. The voice of a verb has more to do with the grammatical structure of the sentence in which it is used in and refers to the connection between a verb and its subject or object. The three moods: Both English and Spanish have three verb moods: The indicative mood is the normal verb form used in everyday statements. In a sentence such as I see the dog (Veo el perro), the verb is in the indicative mood.The subjunctive mood is used in many statements that are contrary to fact, are hoped for or are in doubt. This mood is by far more common in Spanish, since it has mostly disappeared in English. An example of the subjunctive in English is the verb in the phrase if I were rich (si fuera rico in Spanish), which refers to a contrary-to-fact condition. The subjunctive is also used in a sentence such as I request that my pseudonym be published (pido que se publique mi seudà ³nimo), which indicates a type of desire.The imperative mood is used to give direct commands. The short sentence Leave! ( ¡Sal tà º!) is in the imperative mood. More about the subjunctive mood: Because it is so frequently necessary in Spanish yet unfamiliar to English speakers, the subjunctive mood is an endless source of confusion for many Spanish students. Here are some lessons that will guide you through its usage: Introduction to the subjunctive mood: This lesson gives examples of when the subjunctive mood is used and compares them with sentences in the indicative mood. In the mood: A more detailed list of examples where the subjunctive mood is used. Tenses of the subjunctive mood: Tenses in the subjunctive mood are seldom intuitive. Conjugation of the subjunctive mood. Future subjunctive: The future subjunctive is very rare in Spanish and is archaic in most uses, but it does exist. Subordinate conjunctions: Verbs in dependent clauses are often in the subjunctive mood. Translating might: Sentences translating the English auxiliary verb might often use a clause in the subjunctive mood. I dont believe ...: The negative form of the verb creer (to believe) is typically followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood. Ways of making requests: The imperative and subjunctive moods arent as distinct in Spanish as they are in English, and the subjunctive is often used to make requests. Sentence structure a nd the subjunctive: Although the subjunctive usually isnt used to refer to actual, real events, it can be when the structure of the sentence so requires. Statements of necessity: Verb phrases such as es necesario que (it is necessary that) are generally followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood. Statements of fear: These are sometimes followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood. Use with opinar: Although the subjunctive mood is usually used in giving opinions, it usually isnt used with opinar. More about the imperative mood: The imperative mood is used for making direct commands or requests, but it is far from the only way to ask that someone do something. These lessons look at the different ways of making requests: Direct commands. Making requests without using the imperative mood. Making polite requests. Active and passive voice: The voice of a verb depends primarily on the structure of a sentence. Verbs used in a normal fashion, in which the subject of the sentence is performing the action of the verb, are in the active voice. An example of a sentence in the active voice is Sandi bought a car (Sandi comprà ³ un coche). When the passive voice is used, the subject of the sentence is acted on by the verb; the person or thing performing the action of the verb isnt always specified. An example of a sentence in the passive voice is The car was bought by Sandi (El coche fue comprado por Sandi). In both languages, a past participle (bought and comprado) is used to form the passive voice. It is important to note that, while common in English, the passive voice isnt used as much in Spanish. A common reason for using the passive voice is to avoid stating who or what is performing the action of a verb. In Spanish, that same goal can be accomplished by using verbs reflexively.

Ketchikan, Alaska Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ketchikan, Alaska - Essay Example This however drew attention to the enormous wood reserves and in 1954; one of the biggest pulp mills in the world was established. This too was closed down as a result of obsolete equipments and severe environmental regulations. (Thompson, 2008). The city is a home to a large number of different tribes and communities and hence presents a very wide and diverse culture. Many different tribes that have origins ranging from Indian to American live in this area. The famous tribes of Ketchikan are: Inupiat, Yupik, Aleut, Inuit, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian and Eyak. Akin to the various tribes, there are a range of religions prevalent in the area but the most widely practiced are Christianity and Buddhism. There are a number of churches in the city like St John’s Church on the mission street and the First Lutheran Church on the Tongass avenue. These religions have made an impact on the life of the people of Ketchikan as well as the whole region of Alaska. Different Institutions like sc hools, colleges as well as churches reflect the ideologies of these different religions spread throughout the state. (Ketchikan, Alaska) The city contains plenty of historical sites and museums that attract the visitors.

How industrialization changed family life (1900s-1950s era) Research Paper

How industrialization changed family life (1900s-1950s era) - Research Paper Example (Berlanstein, 1992) Industrial Revolution began in Britain in eighteenth century with little innovations in different sectors like Textile, Steam engine and Iron making which gradually spread over other regions across the world in the nineteenth century. These innovations and technological advancement took off economical instability and replaced fine growth in economic stability which ultimately changed people’s perception of Industrial Revolution. It undoubtedly increased the rate of average income and people were quite enthusiastic with their rising living standards but people were ignorant about the cost they had to pay in return of this materialistic growth. Concentrating more on nineteenth century, in the first two decades of 19th century, metal machinery tools were produced which were further used to manufacture heavy industrial machineries which eventually contributed enormously in formal industrialization across European Countries. The industrial growth within the span of fifty years was so magnificent that people were completely unaware of the fact that they are demoralizing their family traditions like having dinner together or being a part of a family time or events. SONGS OF INNOCENCE AND SONGS OF EXPERIENCE: (Blake, 2008) Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience is a compilation of fifty four short poems by William Blake. It is divided into two sections: Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience. In these two sections he beautifully composed the rhymes through which he artistically delivered his thoughts to the readers that how a human soul is conflicted between the two contrary states of satisfaction and suppression. William brilliantly examined that a childhood is a period where innocence lies within but it is also sensitive to the fallen world of corruption, injustice and oppression. He mentioned and raised a voice against people or society who spoils the childhood by fear, oppression and inhibition. William further stated that human p sychology proves that how a human soul rejoice when it is set free and how it gets suppressed when it is kept isolated. William Blake was a smart mind and raised a major issue through his simple sweet poems. He indirectly created the guilt and targeted the people who for the sake of some pennies kept child labors which was cheaper, more hardworking and could be kept under pressure. He protested against child labor through his beautiful compilation of thoughts and vision over Innocence and Experience. CHILDHOOD LABOR: (Griffin, Emma, 2011) says that during the time of industrialization in Britain, almost every working class child was labored and it is an indigestible truth that majority of Britain Children did not enjoy the freedom of physical and mental growth through education and play. Children from mediocre class were bound to work to support their fragile families. (Humphries, 2010) interrogated with the autobiographers who had their childhood in between 18th and the 19th centur y and they all were not excited what they did in their childhood, neither they had a healthy relationship with their parents because they felt that their major rights of being a free happy child was taken away in return of hard work, responsibilities and hunger. Humphries presented a remarkable compilation of autobiographies which illuminated the harsh truth of Industrial Revolution in 19th century

The situation of African Americans Essay Example for Free

The situation of African Americans Essay Throughout Americas history, African-Americans have suffered from racism, segregation, and persecution. Considering they were brought over on slave ships extremely filled not knowing weather they would live or die and forced to do labor, they have come a long way. To be where they are currently is obviously a major milestone. Today, African-Americans are more prosperous and motivated than ever. There is less poverty, more education, and better family lives among blacks than ever before! Slaves had everything important to them viciously taken. Stripped from their families, their homes, and their peaceful lives, they were placed in a world where they were powerless in society. As horrific as these memories are, they cant be overlooked. The thoughts and images that go hand and hand with these atrocious events must be used as the will, the want, and the motivation for success. After all, understanding the past is the key to unlocking the future! Education is a crucial factor in success. Today, 79 percent of African-Americans age 25 and over have at least completed high school, a record high. This is more than double the percent in 1970. Also, 86 percent of those ages 25 to 29 have earned a high school diploma, which is triple the percent thirty years prior. Seventeen percent of blacks 25 and above have even obtained a bachelors degree. Statistics are higher than theyve been in the past. No matter how disturbing the past is a person never knows what the future holds. Therefore, one must hold on to the past because it is the key to motivation. Motivation has led to success. The poverty rate among African-Americans, 23.6 percent, is the lowest ever recorded. $27,910 is the average income for an African-American household. And 700,000 fewer blacks were poor in 1999 than in 1998. In the past, an outcome such as this would have never been possible in the dominated world everyone knew. When a person looks back and sees how far theyve come, it is most definitely something to be proud of. Proud and prosperous, African-Americans are not only succeeding. They are getting together and staying together. Out of the 8.7 million African-American families, just under half were married. And these families are larger than any other ethnic group. Twenty-one percent of the families have at least five or more members. Only ten percent of males and ten percent of females have been divorced. Although their ancestors were ripped from their homes and torn apart from their family, today is a brave new world. As suppressed as the people were, all of the struggles and the hardships are ultimately what gave them the will and the desire to overcome the devastation. It has been long, hard road, but their past has led to prosperity. Unwilling to lose the never-ending battle, the fight continues constantly, unlocking doors to a successful future.

Exaggeration of Despair in Sherman Alexies Reservation Blues Essay

Exaggeration of Despair in Sherman Alexie's Reservation Blues Gloria Bird realizes that for generations Native Americans have had drinking problems, and she also realizes that it is difficult for â€Å"native writers to accurately represent our communities without exploiting them.†(G. Bird) However, Bird criticizes Alexie of embellishing or exaggerating the Native Americans’ despair. Alexie cannot ignore the alcohol situation when describing Native American culture, but Alexie does not need to make alcoholism a common trait amongst almost every ‘Indian’ on the reservation and other reservations. Bird’s statement concerning Alexie’s embellishment of Native American despair due to alcoholism is an accurate interpretation of Reservation Blues. In Reservation Blues, almost every Native American is an alcoholic. Two of the main characters, Victor and Junior, spend all of their money on booze and get wasted on a regular basis. â€Å"After the tavern had closed, Junior and Victor climbed into the water truck and passed out.†(p.24) It is reasonable for there to be a few drunks, but Alexie introduces or makes references to too many Indians who either lost everything or their lives because of alcohol. When Thomas’ father Samuel is introduced he is drunk, and Alexie explains that this is normal, for â€Å"Thomas†¦had lost count of the number of times he’d saved his father†¦ Once, a month, he bailed his father out of jail for drunk and disorderly behavior.†(p.95) Even though Thomas didn’t drink,...

Military Industrial Complex

President Eisenhower raises numerous questions to the state of America in his farewell address. The Military-Industrial Complex is a term he created to define monetary and foreign policy in the 1950’s and 60’s. It is a policy that invests most of its money to military. It is suggested that the United States puts too much influence in its military and that it is a very imperialistic ideal. President Eisenhower also states its effects on American economy, politics, and spirit under the Military-Industrial Complex.His farewell address was a warning, that if America does not control its military investments, it will develop the Military-Industrial Complex. The economical outcome of building a large military creates less funding for other American Institutions. The more money spent on manufacturing weapons, tanks, aircraft and other palpable material will be money not spent on education, healthcare, and social security.However, if America decided to keep funding institutions other than military and was unable to fund more military institutions, the Military-Industrial Complex will find the need to borrow money and/or weapons internationally which would raise the national debt. America would not be able to develop a more educated generation if it were to impose a Military-Industrial Complex. More consequences could involve lower standards of living for Americans or an imperialistic foreign policy. From a political standpoint, building a strong military could influence political relationships around the world.Other countries, as well as ours, currently view America as the supreme super-power of the world. As much common knowledge as this is, it is argued that within human nature is the need to conquer, and because America has a large military, it will be used to involve themselves in foreign affairs, much like the Vietnam War, where American idealists wanted to bring democratic justice to that country. It is a very modernistic ideal that America should h ave a strong military, and not be needed to use it. However, this is never the case.In Chalmers Johnson’s book, Blowback, he describes the presence of military establishments in Japanese territory. The term Blowback was created by Johnson, and adapted by the CIA after the events on September 11th, 2001 to describe the events that occur resulting from clandestine operations in other countries. The military bases greatly affected the society of the Japanese civilization near them. Johnson describes an instance in his book where a soldier from one of the bases was driving and hit and killed a Japanese civilian.The soldiers would go to their nightclubs and eat at their restaurants. Their tanks and mortar field tests would leave large holes in Japanese mountains. American influence in other countries would be viewed as imperialistic and is just another trait of the Military-Industrial Complex that Eisenhower describes. America is viewed as the land of opportunity where you can be healthy, happy, and successful. However, it can be viewed as a nation that imposes their military power on other countries. Many immigrants come to America and bring their values with them.Many citizens do not agree with the need to be involved in many foreign affairs. American values of world peace are often hypocritical when the military involves themselves in Iraq and Afghanistan. Spiritually, the Military-Industrial Complex can cause a lack of integrity and pride. Eisenhower’s warning is still being examined even today. Many worry that President Barack Obama’s foreign policy is beginning to impose onto other countries. The term that Eisenhower coined in the 1960’s can be applied to the today’s situation politically and economically.

Chapter 5 Martin Outline

Chapter 5 Martin Walker – The Cold War Pages 112-135 Spies in the Skies: Sputnik to U-2 1. Link between Hungarian crackdown and Soviet relations with Poland and Yugoslavia: 2. Examples of Soviet economic boom of the 50’s and 60’s 3. U. S. Reactions to Sputnik’s launch 4. Gaither Report a. Its findings b. Its recommendations c. Eisenhower’s reactions 5. National Defense Act of 1958 and its results 6. Anglo-American relations warm sults tSoviet relations with Poland and Yugoslaviaand ensuing agreements 7. French intransigence following the Suez humiliation 8. De Gaulle . Algeria and the 4th Republic e. Meeting with General Norstad f. Consequences g. ICBM worries 9. Dulles, Adenauer and France 10. French and British begin divesting their countries of empires 11. Iraq presents a problem in 1958 and how the U. S. and British dealt with it 12. British hardballing in the Middle East 13. Roots of the growing British-French mistrust 14. Coup against Khrushch ev and the aftermath 15. China h. Growing discontent with Russia i. Mao’s West vs. East wind speech j. Mao’s Nuclear war stance k. Hundred Flowers Campaign l. Great Leap Forward m.Soviet response to Chinese appeal for nuclear aid against the U. S. 16. Examples of brinkmanship by both the Soviet and the U. S. 17. Why the need to display brinkmanship 18. Maintaining a nuclear balance and the unpredictable weights 19. Berlin n. Khrushchev’s proposal o. Why the U. S. found it difficult to agree to p. Khrushchev – Adenauer meeting 20. U-2 planes and their capabilities 21. Sino-Soviet split as reason for Soviet intransigence following the Paris Summit 22. Khrushchev, Soviet conventional armed forces, and the Strategic Rocket Forces 23. Cuba, sugar, and the Soviets

The eNotes Blog An Owls-Eye View of National PoetryMonth

An Owls-Eye View of National PoetryMonth National Poetry Month began in 1996 and has become the largest literary celebration in the world. It is an important reminder to engage with poetry through public and private readings, lectures, and support of local authors. Poetry challenges us to broaden our thinking about the physical and metaphysical by using beautiful imagery, various sonic tools, and myriad forms both classic and contemporary. To celebrate one of our oldest literary forms, we took a peek at what the folks over at Owl Eyes are doing with their poetry library. In honor of this past National Poetry Month, the staff at Owl Eyes compiled and annotated some of their favorite poetical works. At Owl Eyes, the process of celebration was more involved than simply reading the poems; it also encompassed round-table discussions which became a vehicle for categorizing the poems into a few specific, thematic groups based on their elements; namely, the romanticism of natural subjects, the transience of beauty, and criticism of patriarchal influences. The team read each poem, gathered together to collect and share ideas, and then annotated each poem based on core themes. Alongside their annotations, they have begun the process of creating beautiful and original cover art for each poem. Weve gathered our favorite covers and quotes from selected poems- and we invite you to read the rest of the poem and their annotations for free on Owl Eyes. Mending Wall by Robert Frost â€Å"He only says, Good fences make good neighbours. Spring is the mischief in me, and I wonder If I could put a notion in his head: Why do they make good neighbours? Isnt it Where there are cows? But here there are no cows.† There Will Come Soft Rains by  Sara Teasdale â€Å"There will come soft rains and the smell of the ground, And swallows circling with their shimmering sound;† Pied Beauty by  Gerard Manley Hopkins â€Å"Fresh-firecoal chestnut-falls; finches’ wings; Landscape plotted and pieced- fold, fallow, and plough;† The Fish by  Marianne Moore â€Å"sun, split like spun   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  glass, move themselves with spotlight swiftness   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  into the crevices-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  in and out, illuminating† Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard by  Thomas Gray â€Å"Beneath those rugged elms, that yew-trees shade,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Where heaves the turf in many a mouldering   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  heap, Each in his narrow cell for ever laid,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The rude Forefathers of the hamlet sleep.†

The Clemson Bikini Murder Case

The Clemson Bikini Murder Case On May 26, 2006, Clemson University student Tiffany Marie Souers was found dead in her off-campus apartment by a former roommate. She was wearing only a bra and had a bikini top wrapped around her neck. There was no sign of forced entry into her apartment. Police released surveillance photos of someone using Tiffanys debit card, shortly after she died, in hopes of finding her killer. Latest Developments Bikini Killer Appeals Death Sentence Previous Developments Bikini Killer Sentenced to Death Mistrial Sought in Bikini Killers Penalty HearingApril 20, 2009Attorneys for Jerry Buck Inman who entered a guilty plea for the murder of a Clemson college student have asked for a mistrial in the death penalty hearing in the Bikini Murder Case. Lawyers said prosecutors harassed and intimidated a defense witness hired to discuss Inmans troubled youth. Bikini Murder Sentencing DelayedSept. 11, 2008Sentencing for the man who pleaded guilty to the murder of Clemson University student Tiffany Marie Souers was delayed this week after an expert witness for the defense refused to testify even after being granted immunity. Jerry Buck Inman Pleads Guilty to Bikini MurderAug. 19, 2008Convicted sex offender Jerry Buck Inman has pleaded guilty to robbery, kidnapping, rape, and murder in connection with the death of a Clemson University student in May 2006. Inman admitted in court that he strangled the 20-year-old Tiffany Marie Souers with her bikini top. Change of Venue Denied in Bikini Murder CaseMay 8, 2008A South Carolina judge has turned down a motion by attorneys for Jerry Buck Inman to move his trial in the Clemson University bikini murder case to a different location. Judge Edward Miller ruled that the trial for the murder of Tiffany Marie Souers will take place in Pickens County in September as scheduled. Third Attorney Appointed in Bikini MurderApril 17, 2005A South Carolina judge has appointed a third attorney to help defend a convicted sex offender who is charged with the murder of a 20-year-old Clemson University student. Judge Demands Bikini Murder Suspects DNAJan. 8, 2007A South Carolina judge ordered convicted sex offender Jerry Buck Inman to give fingerprints and DNA samples to investigators. Death Penalty Sought in Clemson Bikini MurderAug. 23, 2006South Carolina prosecutors will seek the death penalty for Jerry (Buck) Inman in the murder of Tiffany Maria Souers. A gag order has been issued in the case. Suspect Captured in Clemson Murder CaseJune 7, 2006A registered sex offender suspected in the killing of a Clemson University student who was strangled with a bikini top was captured early in Jefferson County, Tennessee. Evidence Developing in Clemson Students DeathJune 1, 2006Authorities say they are fast developing evidence and expect a resolution in the case of a 20-year-old Clemson University student whose partially nude body was found in her off-campus apartment strangled with a bikini top.

Software Project Management (Managing a Mobile Website Project) Essay

Software Project Management (Managing a Mobile Website Project) - Essay Example No sooner is the plan accomplished than someone comes along to change it. These same naysayers would also argue that the plan, once completed is disregarded and merely put on the shelf so the team can get down to doing some real work. To people management, we mean the planning activity that involves deciding on the types of people in form of resources that are compulsory to perform the requirements of the project. In other words the types of skills and number of workers we need to complete the project (kwysocki, 1997). Whenever we talk about the methods mixed up in the project management we in general refer those methods towards the management of people as well as resources. The management of people is the management of workers. Management of people guides us about the roles and duties that a worker can perform in a project for making a project successful. It also guides management what type of staff should reserve for a specific project (Kerzner, 2003). As a project manager I have t he responsibility to prepare a configuration management plan for this project and also address the risk analysis, quality control, and software configuration aspects of the this mobile website project. In this mobile website we have lots of risks which are related to website development, compatibility, feasibility, etc. we have to address all of these before we are going to launch the website. Though we have a software development team of knowledgeable developers and artistic designers those are able to employ mobile applications for handheld devices of changeable convolution, but there are risks of building function seamlessly between PDA’s and Cell Phones of different types. 1We have to concentrate on this point that there are lot of different types of PDA’s and Cell Phones in the market and all of those have different type of compatibility and functionality levels. We have to choose format of website that can support all the types and also compatible to

Organizational Policy and Strategy of Southwest Airlines Case Study

Organizational Policy and Strategy of Southwest Airlines - Case Study Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that to meet the challenges of the time, the company exuded confidence by not only increasing the number of flights but it also went in for employment for more workers. This action of the company provided it with the competitive edge because the other airlines were not only reducing the flights but they had also laid off a considerable number of workers. This resulted in a significant increase in its market position and at the same time, considerably improved the management relations with the labor unions. The major factor that led to Southwest’s success was its policy of acknowledging the human behavior and maintain non-attrition by not laying off the staff. The company’s strategy was to increase the number of customer service agents so that the passengers could get improved personal service and emotional support and security at the crisis time. The organizational culture of the company promoted the concept of a ‘big fami ly’ and therefore the workforce was more conscientious and worked harder during the tough time which led to the improved performance of the company. After the probation period of six months, all the employees of the airlines become eligible for ‘Southwest’s profit-sharing plan’ that greatly motivates the workforce. Another factor that contributed towards the success was its better relations with the labor unions. The role of the union has become critical to the wider interest of the human capital employed across the organizations. The collective bargaining of the union has greatly facilitated the welfare of the workforce and has promoted their interest amongst the management.

The Reasons Why Abortion should not be Legalized Essay

The Reasons Why Abortion should not be Legalized - Essay Example In some countries, abortion is illegal while it is recognized in certain countries. It is a fact that abortions have been carried out whether legally or illegally. However, this is a controversial topic since it is regarded as a serious moral issue which is often viewed as wrong. As such, this argumentative paper seeks to critique an op-ed paper by Antoni which is entitled, ‘Abortion should be legal.’ Antoni takes a pro-abortion stance and argues that the choice should be left to the women to decide to have an abortion or not. Against this background, this paper is going to argue against abortion as suggested by Antoni since I strongly believe that abortion should be illegal. However, Antoni also suggests that abortion should be illegal. The paper will start by summarising the points made in this op-ed paper. The second part seeks to critique why abortion should not be legalized. A synthesis of the whole discussion will be carried at the end of the paper in order to arti culate the position taken by this writer in view of abortion. According to the op-ed article entitled ‘Abortion should be legal,’ there are different reasons why women should be given the opportunity to terminate unwanted pregnancies. This view is also supported by Warton (6) who suggests that abortion should be seen as the last resort for women to gain control of their lives after horrific situations leading to their pregnancies they would have encountered. In some cases, pregnancy is a result of incest or rape and it is advocated that a woman should have a choice of terminating the pregnancy in such a situation. This is seen as a viable alternative of liberating women who would have been traumatized by the experience encountered that could have led to the pregnancy. In the event that the pregnancy is against the mother’s wishes and is beyond her control, I agree that abortion should be treated as the most viable option that can liberate the mother from the sad events leading to the unwanted pregnancy. Tribe (3) also concurs that rape amounts to the denial of liberty to the victim who may live with sad memories or trauma which negatively impacts on her well being. In such as situation, termination of the pregnancy can be advocated. In some circumstances, pregnancy can be terminated if it endangers the life of the fetus or the mother and I share the same view with this idea. It may not be a noble idea to have a deformed child as she may not enjoy the life of a normal human being. In some instances, if the life of the mother is endangered as a result of the pregnancy, it can be terminated at an earlier date to avoid complicating her health which can lead to death. The case of Jane Roe v. Henry Wade is one good example where the US Supreme court upheld that the Constitution of the United States should not permit the government to interfere with a woman’s right to opt for an abortion. However, the anti-thesis statement of this op-ed sug gests that abortion should not be legal because it is immoral. I strongly believe in this assertion given that there is no person with a right to end life. Even a fetus must be given the right to life since its life cannot be simply terminated as a result of the mother’s wrongdoing in some cases. Usually, a child does not apply to be born hence it is the responsibility of the parents to make sure that the child is given the chance to be born alive. It is also my belief that ending life is ungodly given that we are all created in the image of God hence no one should have the right to end life.  

Neurofibromatosis Case Report

Neurofibromatosis Case Report Abstract Neurofibromatosis, though not discussed in depth, is not at all a clinical rarity. The condition has been reported in all races and does not exhibit specific clinical manifestations and features for occurrence. The hereditary nature has been recognized for long, though the depth of mutations is still a long way in short of understanding. It has got a chance occurrence of 50% mutation rate. It occurs with a frequency of 1 case in approximately 3000 births. Malignant transformation has been reported in a few cases, which underlines the importance of in depth analysis of this condition. Introduction Neurofibromatosis is one of the most common hereditary neurocutaneous disorders with an incidence of 1:3000. It is autosomal dominant and shows no race or sex predilection.1 30 to 50% are de-novo cases occurring due to spontaneous mutations.2The condition first documented in 1882 by the German pathologist Frederich Von Recklinghausen presents with protean clinical manifestations.3This case is reported due to the severe facial hemi hypertrophy associated with neurofibromatosis. Case Report A 12 year old female patient presented with swelling of left side of face since infancy. Swelling was first noted at one year of age after which it increased steadily and reached the present size. Speech was slurred. No family history of such a condition was observed. On extra oral examination severe hemi hypertrophy of the maxilla was noted with subsequent disfigurement of the face on account of deviation of the nose and mouth to the right (Fig 1). There was a soft painless mass on the left forehead measuring four centimeters in length and two centimeters in breadth. There was overgrowth of coarse, stiff hair on the mass. The skin showed patchy pigmentation. Left eye is pushed downwards and remained closed due to the pressure exerted by the mass (Fig 23). On palpation the mass was soft to firm with diffuse borders. No fixity to underlying tissue was noted. There was no associated regional lymphadenopathy. Cafà © au lait spots (CALS) of size one to two centimeters and blue black in color were distributed over the trunk and palms of hands (Fig 4). There was a large CALS of size 10 X 15 centimeters in the back of trunk which was irregular with diffuse borders (Fig 5). Intraoral examination showed a firm mass extending from right maxillary lateral incisor to left maxillary first premolar. The mass measured 3 X 2 centimeters in size and was firm and non – tender on palpation. Maxillary left central incisor was found embedded and the lateral incisor and canine were partially exposed. CALS were noted on the mass. Nodular masses were seen on the palate adjacent to right maxillary premolars, on the mass adjacent to right central incisor and on the left upper lip. There was hemi hypertrophy of the tongue and spacing of teeth on the left side resulting in malocclusion (Fig 6). CT scan shows the lesion extended well in to the brain- cerebrum, frontal sinus, and eye, nasal and maxillary sinus (Fig 7). Preliminary hematological investigations including serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase were carried out and values were found within normal limits. Incisional biopsy was performed from the anterior palate. Histopathological examination of H E stained sections showed cells with elongated, bent nuclei separated by abundant, fine and sinuous collagen fibers. There is presence of nerve bundles, mild vascularity and areas of hemorrhage. Overlying epithelium is orthokeratinized stratified squamous epithelium of normal thickness (Fig 89). Diagnosis of neurofibroma was made. Patient was referred to the department of oral surgery for further treatment. Discussion Present knowledge shows that neurofibromatosis consists of at least two diseases which show distinct clinical and genetic features, the peripheral form or neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) and the central form or neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2). The more common one is the NF1. 4 This is autosomal dominant and 50% of cases are new mutations, 80% of which are of paternal origin. The NF1 gene, one of the largest in the human genome is a tumor suppressor gene located in the pericentromeric region of chromosome 17. It encodes the neurofibromin protein which consists of 2800 amino acids. Due to the large size of the gene and numerous mutations that may occur genetic testing is not a viable option in diagnosis. A protein truncation assay is used to detect stop mutations but this confirms the disease only in two thirds of cases and cannot predict the severity. 5,6 Diagnosis is confirmed if two or more of the diagnostic criteria are present. (Table 1) Hence clinical findings are imperative. Accurate correlations between the genotype and phenotype have not been possible because of the large size of the gene. Still it has been found that the severity of the condition increases with complete gene deletions with occurrence of large numbers of neurofibromas and a significantly higher lifetime risk for malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Familial spinal neurofibromatosis corresponds with mutations at the 3’ end of the gene. Somatic mosaicism may account for the segmental forms of neurofibromatosis.5 The clinical manifestations are first seen in childhood as small macules resembling freckles which slowly increase in size and deepen in color. Microscopically melanin pigment is seen in macromelanosomes. The number of cafà © au lait spots indicates the severity of the disease. In mild forms with fewer spots the neurofibromas occur late in life and may also be restricted to one part of the body. Secondary symptoms may arise due to occurrence of neurofibromas. An abrupt increase in size may indicate malignancy or may be due to pregnancy or onset of puberty.7The central nervous system may be affected with neurofibromas example the optic nerve glioma.8 The skeleton may be affected due to primary defects and also pressure effect from the tumors. Cystic lesions are noted within the bones histologically resembling non-ossifying fibroma.9 Renovascular hypertension occurs due to vascular stenosis. The varied symptoms of neurofibroma include growth disorders, abnormal sexual development and lung abnormalities. Certain forms of neurofibroma shows atypical or incomplete features compared to the classic form. These variants are segmental neurofibroma, gastrointestinal neurofibroma, familial spinal neurofibroma and familial cafà © au lait spots.8 Neurofibroma is a disease with diverse characteristics. Early diagnosis aids in proper monitoring of patient. Genetic counseling is also required in familial cases. Frequent reviews are needed as there is possibility of development of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) in a subset of NF1. Proper histologic evaluation is essential as it is difficult to differentiate a neurofibroma with atypical histologic features from a low grade MPNST. Germ-line mutations in genes encoding RAS-ERK signaling pathway components cause a set of related, autosomal dominant developmental disorders, termed â€Å"RASopathies† , which include Noonan syndrome . Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigenes (NS-ML; formerly known as LEOPARD syndrome), cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (CFCS), Costello syndrome (CS), and neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1). RASopathy patients typically display short stature, facial dysmorphia, cardiac defects, developmental delay, and other variably penetrant features. 10 Conclusion Neurofibormatosis and concomitant symptoms are always associated with numerous manifestations. The condition including von Recklinghausen disease has to be understood in depth for proper diagnostic criteria and treatment protocols. Though, significant steps has been taken for analyzing the molecular pathway and genetic mutations involving the conditions, the finer details are still out of light as far as molecular origin and pathway is concerned. An extensive discussion and deliberation is needed in this regard so that debility and mortality rate

With reference to An Arrest and An occurance at Owl Creek bridge Essay

With reference to An Arrest and An occurance at Owl Creek bridge Explore Ambrose Beirce's treatment of the theme of justice. Leann Parker With reference to 'An Arrest' and 'An occurance at Owl Creek bridge' Explore Ambrose Beirce's treatment of the theme of justice. Ambrose Beirce lived between the years of 1842 - 1914 ,though his date of death can not be for certain. He lived during the period of the civil war and was the author of supernatural stories. He wrote those stories because he was interested in the war and crime and this led too his two books; 'Tales of soldiers and civilians' and 'Can such things be?'. Justice also played a huge part in Beirce's opinion. He believed that justice had changed during the Civil war and that what was happening was somewhat unfair. He expressed this in a way to make us feel sympathetic. In each state their were different laws ,something you could do in Kentucky you might not have got away with in New York City ,justice was givenfor many different reasons. Law during the Civil warwas very different and the sheriffs (not police) found keeping Law and order very difficult. The two main stories he wrote about were 'An Arrest' and 'An occurance at Owl Creek bridge'. Beirce wrote his stories on the theme of justice and he done this because he wanted to explore the mind and feel hope and peace. The first story 'An Arrest' is about a man Orrin Brower , a fugitive on the run. He was sent to prison for murdering his brother-in-law and has longed for freedom ever since. He eventually manages to escape and runs into the forest but gets lost. He finally makes his way onto a road but on the other side spots a figure of justice who takes him back to the jail but on... ...help out, farquhar thinking he was on his side, he is then hung for doing something bad but his last 3 seconds turn into a lifetime before he is actually hung. Ambrose Beirce chose an innocent man called Peyton Farquhar as his main character because he wanted us to feel sorry for him and angry with the officers for causing the pain inflicted. Farquhar took the role in the war because he had always wanted to be part of it.He was not allowed to fight for his own country so when the enemy tricked him, he was no wiser and was trying to help his side and so he did what the enemy wanted. ' I observed that the flood of last winter had lodged a great quantity of driftwood against the wooden pier at this end of the bridge. it is now dry and would burn like a tow'. In the last moments of his life we learn so much about his personality, feelings and thoughts.

Partnership Working Essay

In this report I will explore the key arguments and issues associated with partnership working. I will assess the validity of the arguments presented and consider the wider implications of this. I will highlight how this influenced my decision to collect data from a range of sources to increase the verisimilitude of the process. The small scale evaluation will focus on understanding why BeSD students fail to make the required levels of progress, even when receiving targeted support. I will try to ascertain the attitudes/values and beliefs of the outside agencies involved with the Academy and identify ways to move forward. Finally I will delineate how this activity has impacted on my current thinking and as a result how this will change my future practice. Key Arguments & Issues The original concept of partnership working came about as a direct result of Victoria Climbie’s death in 2000. Lord Laming (2003) conducted an independent inquiry and found the agencies involved to be grossly negligent, which is reinforced by Frost (2005). This led to the formation of the initiative ‘Every Child Matters’ and the Children’s Act of 2004, which outlined how all agencies involved in working with children, should have a shared responsibility to improve health and wellbeing; by leading community partnerships, delivering on national priorities/targets and commissioning/delivering services. The main aim was to protect children of all ages in the UK. MacAuslan (2006) outlines what the benefits are to partnership working; enhanced wellbeing of children and parents, plus an increased accuracy of needs assessment carried out by professionals. Tunnard (1991) defined Partnership working as; ‘The essence of partnership is sharing. It is marked by respect for one another, role divisions, rights to information, accountability, competence, and value accorded to individual input. In short, each partner is seen as having something to contribute, power is shared, decisions are made jointly and roles are not only respected but are also backed by legal and moral rights.’ However, current research suggests that partnership working is fraught with difficulties and even the term ‘Partnership Working’ is considered a contested concept. Burton et al (2009) & JIT (2009) amongst a whole plethora of authors, outline what these potential barriers could be; †¢ Clarity of roles and accountability †¢ Behaviour and power relationships †¢ Varying degrees of skills & knowledge †¢ Structure and the environment †¢ Processes †¢ Available resources †¢ External & cultural influences JIT (2009) usefully explores these above barriers in more depth, using an Ishikawa Fishbone diagram, to ascertain the root cause of these issues; Glenny (2005) suggests that it will be impossible to control the ‘system’ as outlined in the above diagram (partnership work), but that it may be possible to formulate good practice through the management of communication, in creating an environment of trust. Frost & Lloyd (2006), Pinkus (2005), MacAuslan (2006), Burton et al (2009) & Treseder et al (2003) have all stressed what the key ingredients are for successful partnership working; †¢ Good communication †¢ Fostering of trusting relationships through transparent communication, empathy and understanding †¢ Clear purpose †¢ Win – Win †¢ Equal balance of power for all stakeholders The majority of the evidence points towards partnership work resulting in positive outcomes for children. However, Frost (2005 pp.19-20) intimates that a shift toward increased partnership working would be politically undesirable for the families involved, due to an increase of surveillance, control and as a result increased social exclusion, which is a very plausible argument. However, I think that without partnership working the possibility of social exclusion would increase. So we need to ask ourselves which is the lesser of the two evils. In our Academy children with BeSD are still underperforming, achieving way below expected standards and are at risk of permanent exclusion but more importantly social exclusion. From the research conducted and a development of my understanding of this concept, I was led to believe that there is an inherent problem within our partnerships. In an attempt to discover what the root cause was, I decided to investigate this particular issue further focusing on our work with outside partners. The Evaluation During the initial stages I selected data that would highlight which students were underperforming due to the amount of time they had lost as a result of detentions and exclusions. I then used the vulnerable student’s database to ascertain if these particular students had been identified as BeSD. The CAFs and TACs were then reviewed; to gain a flavour for the agencies involved their attendance, the attendance of parents, the action taken and the progress to date. It was clear from this evidence that the majority of the outside agencies were attending regular reviews, as were the parents, but progress was slow. I decided to carry out a structured group interview of all the outside agencies involved in an attempt to unpick the problem further. The information collated suggested multiple causes for lack of progress. One particular theme that aspired was the lack of follow through in the classroom of work being done by outside agencies. Goodman & Burton (2010) corroborate these findings. They relate how partners felt that their work was ‘undone’ when the individual went back to school and how teachers did not feel supported and lacked the information and relevant skills to deal with students who have BeSD. Another theme that emerged was how the partners felt that the behaviour management system was inflexible and did not cater for these particular students, hence resulted in exclusions. The partners also suggested that further intervention to work more closely with these students and their parents was needed. They suggest how both of these themes impacted directly on their remit, which caused them further frustration. Treseder et al (2003) describes how all partners need to be able to fulfil their remit to achieve success, which the themes suggest is not happening. Hence it is important to regularly review practices and procedures to ensure the key ingredients are incorporated to achieve success. The Evidence Much of the evidence collected suggests that partnership working is indeed fraught with problems. The research evidence is from the result of a small scale study. The majority of the data collected came from the interview group structured questions. Hence, it is plausible to suggest that I could have influenced the data. As a result this type of data collection does have its dissenting voices concerning its reliability, due to the lack of quantitative data and empirical value. However, it can be argued that quantitative data does not give the thick descriptions required for this type of study. I do believe that I have influenced the investigation, as I originally thought that this may have been a problem and therefore the questions I asked may have dictated the outcome. In hindsight it may have been more pertinent in this instance to have conducted unstructured interviews or possibly to take a more organic approach and allow the hypothesis to be determined from the data gathered. It would have also been more beneficial to have recorded the interview group, as I may have missed out important information. The recordings would have allowed me to pick through at my own time and in much more detail. The transcriptions were possibly of poor quality compared to a full time researcher, who would potentially have access to software that would identify the themes that occur, plus they would have more time to go through the data. Reflection Before carrying out the research for this assignment I was totally unaware of all the issues that partnership working faced and the tensions between policy and practice. As a school leader my main aim is to achieve governmental targets, whilst incorporating inclusive practice. I believed with absolute conviction that my core principles values and beliefs were centred on inclusive practice. I now realise that I could not make this judgement, as I did not have the required knowledge or skills to identify the core issues and therefore resolve them. Reading around the subject has developed my knowledge on what partnership working is and what the key ingredients are for it to be successful, which has given me the tools to question our policies and practice. It may be concluded that our current practice can be attributed to the underachievement of students with BeSD. It is clear that there is a need to review our current teaching and learning practices and policies, to involve teaching staff as partners and provide the required information and the necessary training but also giving partners the opportunity to share strategies with teaching staff. What is also apparent is the need to create a second layer within the behaviour management system for students who display these types of behaviours. Furthermore, it is important to implement further strategies to prevent exclusions and aid the partners involved to achieve their remit. It is imperative to include parents at all stages of the process to ensure our practice is truly inclusive. Above all however, it is important that our procedures and practises are regularly reviewed to ensure our partnership working sustains the key ingredients for success and helps these students to achieve. Bibliography Burton, D. M. et al (2009) ‘Are the contradictions and tensions that have characterised educational provision for young people with behavioural, emotional and social difficulties a persistent feature of current policy?’ Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 141-155: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. Frost, N. (2005) ‘Professionalism, partnership and joined up thinking: a research review of front-line working with children and families’, Totnes: Research in Practice (eds) Partnership Working Reader Frost, N. & Lloyd, A. (2006) ‘Implementing Multi-Disciplinary Teamwork in the New Child Welfare Policy Environment’, Journal of Integrated Care, Vol. 14 Iss: 2 pp. 11 – 17: Emerald Publications Glenny, G. (2005) ‘Riding the dragon; developing inter-agency systems for supporting children’, Support for Learning Vol. 20 4 pp. 167 – 175: (eds) Partnership Working Reader Goodman, R. L. & Burton, D. M. (2010) ‘The inclusion of students with BESD in mainstream schools: teachers’ experiences of and recommendations for creating a successful inclusive environment’, Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, Vol. 15:3, pp. 223-237: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. JIT (2009) ‘Barriers to Partnership Working’, Briefing Notes for Practioners & Managers. [online] at https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:2fEk6ihnbTEJ:www.jitscotland.org.uk/downloads/1250518249-Chapter%25204%2520-%2520Barriers%2520to%2520Partnership%2520Working.pdf+joint+improvement+team+chapter+4&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiUdOrN6KrSQ66CrHDX1qU9rKSq6rBjZ-TPIufGxwsL9LhdUpxizVuiBRiCA6t9WhmAamFvu5cpSSN61fkFUZtfgknghCQQAjXL-jygk7GfAyDgRBIJe98Ea44eJXYyZbFU91iP&sig=AHIEtbQPrQevS-EOfbRjnP4wir2Gym_8VA Accessed on 3/6/2012 MacAulsan, E. (2006) ‘Partnership Working’, The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health Vol. 126: pp. 160: Sage Publishing Pinkus, S. (2003) ‘All the talk and no action: transforming the rhetoric of parent – professional partnership into practice’, Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs Vol. 3: No 2: pp. 128 – 141: (eds) Partnership Working Reader. Pinkus, S. (2005) ‘Bridging the gap between policy and practice: adopting a strategic vision for partnership’, British Journal of Special Education Vol. 32, No. 4: Working in special education. Treseder, J et al (2003) ‘Report of a Multi-agency Action Research Project to Improve Service Delivery to Families with Complex Needs’, University of Nottingham Publications. Tunnard, J. (1991) ‘The Children Act – Partnership With Families’, The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, Vol, 112, pp. 240: Sage Publishers

Reflective Report

The purpose of this report is to reflect upon an aspect of my development that I have encountered throughout my time as a student in Personal and Professional Development (PPD) class conducted by lecturer Mr. Jeremy Ivan Thambirajah. I am a student here for almost a semester, and over my time here I have gained a lot than expected. Going through the PPD programme has taught me so much. It taught me how to be me. I have learned here how to write and express myself, how to think for myself and how to find answers to the things that I do not know.Most importantly, I have learned how important self esteem is when conducting a presentation. I learnt that ethics, like how we dress when conducting a presentation is very important. The lecturer has made me aware of these formal systems of organization that enable people carry out tasks in the workplace. I even find the class exercises enabled me to be more disciplined, in others words, it has taught me to manage myself properly when it comes to completing coursework given by the lecturer. On top of that, it gave me a better team working skills, thus managing others well and overall was a good exercise in time management.I can be slightly about getting my own way. Although I value myself as a good listener, I could benefit from considering other people’s opinions more carefully. Through this I can conclude here that this programme has enlightened me on the need for self-development. Even though I prefer to avoid confrontation, especially with people I know well. However, this is something that I need to overcome in order to be a successful leader. This, I realised after going through the PPD programme. I also found myself to be more confident with the work that I was assigned by the lecturer.I have learnt to be patient and to communicate effectively. Writing had always been one of my strengths, but it was challenging to take that initial step past the high school, five-paragraph essay form that constricted my ide as for so long. Moving past this form, however, has greatly opened my mind. My thoughts are now able to be more complex because I have learned to adapt a logical argument in an organized way. I have reflected on this picture and concluded that I should not forget these experiences. I still wished we had been taught about more stuffs, like how to manage stress.

Essay Sample on California Evidence Law and Its Key Aspects

Essay Sample on California Evidence Law and Its Key Aspects Aspects of California Evidence Law and its impact on people in todays Society 1.0 Introduction There are various aspects of the California Evidence Law which impacts many individuals involved in the court of law, as well as the wider society. It is common knowledge that life cannot divorce itself from conflicts whether civil and criminal which is handled in the courts of law. The California Evidence Law has various aspects that influence how both the prosecutors and the defendants may argue their cases in court, how they can present their evidence, the nature of proof that is acceptable and that which is not accepted by the courts, among other key issues that affect people involved in the court processes. This paper makes effort to address the issues linked to California Evidence Law, and the impacts they have on paper. The law of evidence in California has elements that are borrowed from the Federal Law of Evidence and that are why there will be close reference of the two laws. The aspects of the California Evidence law as reflected in this paper are such important issues that not only the lawyers who practice law should be well acquainted with, but also for the common man to be well versed with so as to interrelate with the laws well in the event they have to be used in the court of law in many capacities. People are used in courts as witnesses; as well as well they may appear in court as defendants and thus the California evidence law compounds as an important law, both for the people and the law practitioners. This law has impacts the people much since they come into interaction with the court processes in various ways, and may not have the formal schooling on matters of law and on evidence laws in particular. Thus this paper is such an important in outlining some of the critical aspects of the laws. Getting to the root of the aspects of the California evidence law is not an easy task since the laws are much detailed, and thus requires a critical study so that to bring out the crucial elements that are reflected by it. This is why this paper has taken an approach of presenting the aspects in this law by reviewing the California Evidence law, organizing what is represented in the law, and ensuring that it is presented in a logical manner. This is to ensure that the paper is not only succinct in addressing the various issues in the law, but well detailed in addressing the key aspects in the evidence law that often affects people as they interact with the law. As much as a number of the California evidence law is familiar with us, this paper makes an attempt to review, and organize the aspects represented in the law, so that it can be easily understood by the people, and thus give people the confidence to apply the laws well in the event that they come to interact with it. It is cle ar that a better understanding of the California evidence law will enable the persons involved to apply the laws in a more appropriate way, and thus have better outcomes with regard to justice by representing facts and evidences in court as per the schedules provided for by the law. A number of aspects in the California evidence law are not much emphasized in this paper because they are obvious concepts in terms of their universality of application in many other evidence laws, and secondly, some are only applied in a very limited contextual framework. Obvious aspects in the California laws that may not need to be restated are such as the rue of evidence that demands that all the evidence that is constructed should be constructed in such a manned to achieve the ends of justice to both parties in court. In addition, we have rules of evidence that are limited in application such as those relating to how the plaintiff is cross examined in cases such as sexual assault, or a case involving the incompetence of a juror to impeach his own verdict on the case, or even in the case of cases involving property valuation. Thus, this paper will concentrate in outlining the aspects in the California Law courts which are used in every day law practice and those that are not triv ial. It has mastered in outlining the aspects that have impacts on people, as well as those aspects that must be known in the preparation of cases. Therefore the paper is explicit in addressing the issues in California evidence laws that often brings challenges in the arguing out of cases. California Evidence Code is short and thus this paper will give an analytic framework into all these issues. 2.0 Aims and Objectives The aim of this paper is To outline different aspects of the California Evidence Law. Laws are developed to improve justice to both the defendants and the prosecutors; thus looking at the California Evidence Law would be a big step in understanding this law from the eyes of justice, and how justice can reach out to the people. To look at the implications that the California Evidence Law has on people. This is because the laws of evidence touch the people directly than any other law. It is this law that determines the extent of justice to people, and thus they should be able to understand the aspects captured in the evidence law. Aspects of California Evidence Law California Evidence law captures all the aspects relating to the construction of evidence, presentation of evidence, and admissibility of the evidence in the court of law. These are critical issues in the legal framework in California. It may affect the success of a case presented in the court of law. California laws just like other laws were established to ensure that there is justice for both parties represented in court (the prosecution, and the defense council). Thus it is of great importance for the laws to be understood by the people. In addition, in the eyes of the law, justice is delivered to the people in court through proper interpretation and validation of the evidences presented from both parties. In this regard, California Evidence Laws is at the center of all the processes directed to bring justice on board. Notably, it is people who submit cases in court, and thus the California Evidence Law affects none other than the people. This paper brings out the aspects in this law, an how it impacts people in the best way possible. This is with regard to the simplicity of the paper, and the diversity by which the aspects are presented to make it an all round paper. 3.0 Rules on Admissibility of Evidence The California Evidence Law has outlined the structures by which any given evidence may be admitted in court or rejected. Not all the evidence that is presented in court will be admissible. This is because for the evidence to be admitted in the eyes of the California Evidence Law, it must surpass several tests. In the event that the evidence provided has not satisfactorily satisfied the standard by which an evidence may be termed as ‘admissible’ then it stands to not to be admissible, and thus may not be used within the constraints of California laws. According to the California Evidence code 351, evidence presented in the court may only be admissible if it fully meets three conditions. The three standards by which evidence would be found to be admissible are materiality, relevance and competence. This means that any evidence presented in the court of law and is proved to be material, relevant and competent then such evidence cannot be barred by any exclusionary rule, and this further implies that the evidence is admissible. Relevance Evidence is found to be relevant in the California law when it has the tendency to create reason that makes the facts presented to prove or disapprove the evidence to be either more of less probable. This is per California Evidence Code 210. This means that the fact that if the evidence presented makes the fact presented to support or counter it more or less probable, makes it satisfactory as relevant. In addition, for the evidence provided to be relevant, then the presented evident is not obliged to make the fact offered certain, but should just demonist rate some tendency to increase of decrease the likelihood of the fact that is presented. The finder of the fact presented through the evidence has the liberty to weigh the evidence, though even if a piece of evidence stands to be weak, it would still be found admissible but for cases where it runs afoul of a given exclusionary rule of law or is deemed to be otherwise incompetent. Material Evidence should satisfy the condition of being ‘material’. Evidence satisfies to be termed as ‘material’ if the evidence offered proves a fact that has been an issue of a given case. In this regard, a fact in a court case may have support of proof by evidence. This type of evidence is satisfies the condition of material; for it proves a fact presented in a case. Competence Competence in the California law happens in the case that the evidence has a proof which meets a given set of traditional requirements of reliability. From the conditions that have been set, any given evidence given is found by the California Evidence Law to meet the three requirements is found to be much admissible. Without regard to cases where any of the parties questions the competence of the evidence through objection,, it would be deemed that the objector is trying to show that there lacks competence of another preliquisite admissibility standard. However, in practice the modern trend in law has shown the tendency to turn the rules of competency by turning them in form of weighty considerations. Generally speaking, in the event that competent evidence is offered to serve the purposes of proof to a given relevant material fact, then this evidence remains admissible under the California Evidence Law. This is regardless of whether the same evidence may be perceived to be improper to be used for an otherwise purpose. This is per schedule of evidence code 355. Notable, as much as the evidence of prior bad acts subjected to the accused may be found not to be admissible, with regard to serving the purposes regarding the intent in a federal court to impeach the credibility of a witness serving in that case. In addition, in the event that evidence code 1101(b) is applied regarding a situation where it has put it clearly that evidence provided is meant to serve for a limited purpose, and the one party thinks that jury may improperly apply the evidence, then the party may request to a for a limiting instruction to be accompanied to the instruction. Regarding the conditions of admissibility; in the event that value of the evidence is questionable regarding faults in its purpose, as well as a high likelihood that it may serve an improper purpose, by the party seeking to find a fact, the court has the discretion not to admit the evidence. This is regardless of the fact that it has fulfilled the prior conditions of admissibility. In this case the evidence would be thrown out for the probable value of the evidence would be said to outweigh its prejudicial (improper harm) effect. In this case, it is not that necessary that an evidence that is extremely harmful to one party qualifies to be prejudicial. In simple terms, courts have the discretion to prevent confusion, waste of time, and delay of cumulative evidence. 4.0 Accrediting and Discrediting a Witness In the California Evidence Law, a witness may fail the test of being accredited if he has not been impeached. The law provides that any party has the liberty to impeach any witness at any provided time. In addition, the credibility of a witness could be impeached at international level but for the point he has been impeached by a court inquiry in any of the following relevant areas. Among the about nine of the areas, the first four areas relates with the fulfillment of the requirements of competence. They include: The sincerity, as well as firmness of the belief of the witness regarding the external consequences of violation of oath. The nature and quality of the perception of the said witness or the ability by which the witness may be able to perceive. The ability by which the witness may remember all that is provided as evidence. Finally, we have the accuracy of the perception of witness communication. A much as the cross-examiner may not have any basis for believing the existence of any infirmity in the witness testimony; the cross examiner may inquire into the four areas. 5.0 Issues in Presenting Evidence Today, there have been an augmented number of issues with regard to presentation of evidence that have frequently caused problems in the courtrooms. Several of these issues relates to the presentation of evidence that affects the credibility, as well as the outcomes of the cases. In the California courts, just like other courts; it is not just the ‘evidence’ but also the presentation of evidence that affects the outcomes of the cases, and thus give justice to the people who deserve it. a. Issues regarding the form of Examination There are issues that have influence on how a given direct communication can be permitted or be found to lead to admissible outcomes. In regard to the law, direct examination relates to the questioning process by which a lawyer calling the witness to testify on the matters that he is making efforts to inquire on. According to the California Evidence code 760, this may relate much with the use of leading questions. In this case, a question may be referred to as leading if it a question that substitutes the lawyers words for those of the eyewitness or in the case where the question suggests a specific direction or response. For instance, â€Å"You told the court that you were at your estate parking at 7 pm that day, didn’t you?† The imperative thing to reminder with regard to the form of examination and the implied implication of a response according to California Evidence Law is that all the questions that demands for a â€Å"No† or â€Å"yes† response may not necessarily be termed as leading questions. This is why under the California Evidence Law, the court allows the person conducting the examination to engage in questions such as, â€Å"Did you inform the defendants that you wanted the detergent supplies?† The things that should be noted according to this law is that a response can be found to be leading in the event that it develops a pattern that reduces the witness opinion to a state where the witness adopts the lawyer’s description. b. The Hearsay Rule This is one of the regulations under the California Evidence Law that is often simply stated though confusing to apply. Perhaps this is because the law is riddled with exceptions. In addition, this is among the rules that many people are versed with yet confusing at times to abide by. Hearsay evidence refers to the kind of evidence of a statement that was fronted by any other person other than a witness. This statement often is said by the person while testifying and often is offered to add the weight of proof of the matter at hand in that case. In analyzing the possible hearsay, the first step may involve the determination that the statement said is indeed hearsay. In this regard, if that statement mentioned is hearsay, then it demands that an inquiry be conducted to determine whether the hearsay statement in any way may fall within the structures of the hearsay exceptions rule. Notably, evidence may fall into this category for various reasons. First, because the given evidence is often an out of court statement intended to prove something besides the truthfulness of the hearsay it qualifies. Secondly, if the said statements prove to have a possible use as hearsay or rather for a non-hearsay purpose then it stands to be admitted in court. These two exceptions makes such kind of evidence to be admissible subject to a requested limiting instruction. In addition, it is also subject to the discretion of the courts judges depending on whether it satisfies or tests negative to the condition of â€Å"its prejudicial effect outweighing the probative value†. This makes statements such as the following not to be hearsay in court. They include; â€Å"Help†, â€Å"I accept the offer†, â€Å"In my opinion† and so on. c. The Lay Opinion Rule The law demands that witnesses should respond to cross examination as per what they heard, felt, saw, tasted or smelled. They are required not to express their objective opinion or subjectively draw conclusions on their own. This condition shows that often the distinction between fact and opinion may not be found to be clear as expected. To add to this, an increased number of witnesses have found it not an easy task to give their evidence in the form that is required by law. This is because a given number of perceptions may not be easy to communicate by the use of language that is divorced to a given opinion and judgment. This is why both the Federal and California Evidence Laws have to a significant measure relaxed this standard against lay opinions. This is in their bid to ensure good facilitation of evidence reception. This is evident by the provision for witnesses who are not legal experts. This is because the lay people are allowed to testify in form of opinion subject to the ra tionality of the perception of the individual giving proof, as well as if it’s helpful to his own understanding of his testimony. To note is the fact that opinions by a competent lay person in court are permitted by cases, rule or stature. 6.0 Kinds of Evidence Admissible in California Evidence Law Just like many other laws of international and national scope, courts would determine the categorization of evidences depending on the rationale offered by law. In regard to the California laws, the traditional types of evidence have been maintained they include demonstrative, documentary, real, and testimonial evidences. Important to note is that a number o rules of evidence are applicable with regard to the four kinds of evidence, while some apply to selected cases. Real Evidence This refers to evidence regarding something that is in existence, or a thing whose characteristics are material and relevant. Often it involves a thing that was significantly involved in a given event presented in the court case. In addition, a written contract, where sets of actions were based may be found to be real evidence by the virtue that the evidence has been presented to prove the terms that was executed by the defendant. If the written contract was drafted in an unsteadily and faltering manner, then it may be found as a relevant to show that the person committed to the contract was likely to be under duress at the time of closing the deal. Real evidence may include murder weapons, scene of accident, crumpled automobile. The imperative thing to reminder is that for real evidence to be admitted, it must test positive to the teats of relevance, competence, and material. Often to do this requires laying the foundation. This is involves the establishment that the three basic preliquisites apply in that case. It is clear that materiality and relevance condition of real evidence are often obvious; however, the competence of the evidence must be proved by exposing out that the evidence is really what it was meant to be. This is through the process of authentication where the evidence is assessed to find that it is what it purports to be. It must also be renowned that the verification of real evidence may be conducted in three ways. They include the identification of an object made unique, identification of a unique object, as well as by setting up a chain of custody in the case. These are the only ways by which the an alternate ways by which any real evidence may be authenticated in the event a court has failed to get satisfied by the method that has been employed. In addition to the said, it has been found that the least troublesome method of authenticating real evidence is through the provision of a testimony given by a witness with the ability to identify the unique object that has been presented in court. Eve as efforts are made to identify the unique object in the case, it is however of great importance to note that an increasing number of mundane objects agree to this form of identification. In this sense, a unique contract developed by two or more parties, may be authenticated by a person with that given document. The second method which regards identification of an object made unique in court has also been found to be useful. This is because it gives lawyers or clients an opportunity to avoid the temptation of proving a chain of custody. To sum this up, to bring justice closer to both parties in court, the law has provided room for the proponents of the evidence in court to establish the object subject to not being changed between the trials and events. This means that from the day of event in question through the days cannot be accounted for, then the evidence qualifies to be excluded. Demonstrative Evidence As the name does suggest, this is the sort of evidence that would demonstrates the testimony given by a specific witness. This kind of evidence is only found to be admissible under California Evidence Law when its not unobjectable, has sufficient accuracy for the tasks that are not yet done. A typical example of this kind of evidence may include the maps and animations that may demonstrate the scene of the occurrence. The purpose of demonstrative evidence is to get a clear illustration of the testimony being given. Authentication of this kind of evidence is done by the witness whose testimony has been captured in the illustration. This is because a witness is often given the opportunity to identify the salient features of the provided exhibit in court, and establish that it fairly reflects what was seen or heard in the said event. History has revealed that for quite some time, California courts have held the use of photographs as only demonstrative evidence to be controversial. This is because it would be difficult to establish a witness who would say that the camera saw. However, many courts in California conclusively reached to a sensible solution and that is a photograph may qualify to be used either as a demonstrative or real evidence. This is depended on the form of authentication that was employed. For instance, a photograph may be found in court to be demonstrative by the virtue that it was authenticated by a witness who saw what exactly happened in the event. Documentary Evidence This kind of evidence is a kind of real evidence as it may include the cases such as evidence such a defendant offers a copy of a contract to verify the stipulations of the said agreement. In this event the contract may be found to be documentary evidence according to California Evidence Law. This is because the contract was issued in document form and thus is authenticated just as other real evidence. This is through the witness who has identified the evidence or a witness who is successful in establishing a chain of custody for the information captured in the evidence. However, because many contracts often involves human language, as well as the development of common law; this kind of evidence often is accompanied by problems especially regarding cases where they contain hearsay. In addition, we have the patrol evidence rule of the California law that bars the admission of extrinsic evidence, which has the tendency to change the terms of a written agreement presented in court. As noted before, the documents presented in court as evidence may be authenticated in a similar way as the case is in other real evidence provided. In addition to this, the law requires that any material alterations must be accounted for with regard to the objective of the alterations and the consequent impact of that alteration. It is noted that within the structures of California Evidence Law, there are specific methods that have been approved for authenticating the document that have been listed in court. This includes the submission with regard to the finder of fact in the court case proceedings. Authentication of some documents may include the authentication of signatures on the document provided for the purposes of being used as evidence. There are many documents that may be used in court as documentary evidence. They include the inscriptions, newspapers, periodicals, public records, as well as other acknowledged documents. It is further held by the best evidence rule that in the event that evidence is offered in form of writing; the secondary evidence provided to stand in place of the original document t may not be admissible but for an adequate explanation being offered accounting the absence of the original document. In the California Evidence law, testimony and other forms of secondary evidence that stands in place of the original content is on a general scale forbidden. It has been generally accepted by both the California and the Federal laws that the use of ‘photocopy’ material may be subjected to error or fraud. In addition, the law encourages the use of mechanically produced duplicates but for a party which has raised a core issue, such as questioning the accuracy of the copy. Testimonial Evidence This is the most basic kind of evidence that exist s and the one that doesn’t necessarily require another form of evidence as a condition for it to be admitted in law courts. This is the evidence that is made up of what is said during court proceedings by a competent witness. A witness is found to be competent by the law if he satisfies four demands. The first one is that he must take an oath or its substitute with understanding. The second condition involves personal knowledge on the subject of the said testimony. This may be said in another language to mean he must have perceived a thing with a rational sense which should be relevant to the said case. The third requirement that makes a witness competent is being able to remember what he perceived. The last and final condition for the competency of the witness relates to his communication ability. He should have the ability to communicate with what he is expected to have perceived. However, there exist other rules of competence that are linked directly to exceptional cases or circumstances. For instance the rule that a jury is incompetent to go ahead and impeach his own verdict, this is alongside the rule that an acting jury doesn’t satisfy the competency tests regarding testifying in trial where he is at the same time testifying. It is also imperative to reminder that the California Evidence law has provided that in the event that the witness has forgotten what he is to testify about; there are four ways by which this memory can be supplemented. The first option is to seek a recess where the witness will have a break and thus calm the nerves. The other option involves asking the witness a leading question that would refresh his recollection of memory. At this point, it is clear that this is one of the exceptions on the earlier discussed rule against the use of leading questions while undertaking direct examination. The third and final option for a witness who has failed to gather memory that would support him to testify is referred to as â€Å"past recollection refreshed†. It involves refreshing the memory of the witness by requesting the witness to acknowledge that he can’t remember the fact that they are trying to inquire on. After this, he is asked anything that may help him recollect the mem ory; it may be a movie, events video tape, perfume smell and so on. It should be noted that the California law demands that if the evidence used to refresh the memory of a witness is written, a copy of it should be provided to the opposing counsel. In California, failure to meet this demand will result in the testimony not being admitted. It must also be renowned that the reminiscence of refreshing doesn’t qualify in any way to act as evidence by any party. It is the response of the witness after his memory has been brought back that is treated as evidence. 7.0 Conclusion All in all, California Evidence Law has various aspects that affect people in different ways. This is in their capacities as witnesses, lawyers, as well those who serve in other capacities at the court room. The California Evidence law has enclosed many of these issues said that affects the behaviors of the witnesses, lawyers and the power that a jury has been given to handle exceptional situations during the examination, as well as at other stages of court proceedings. The paper has brought out the core issues regarding California Evidence Law that affects the way witnesses, as well as the lawyers conduct their business during court proceedings. You may wonder: Who can write my essay on Law topics? Contact our custom paper writing service and order a high-quality custom essay written by professional writers!